Thomas Aquinas Impact On Western Thought Through Time Philosophy Essay

The most effective method to Write an ACT Essay Step SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Now and then composing particularly composing for state sanctioned tests-can feel like something you get or don't get. That's principally on the grounds that it's hard to clarify and show writing in a mechanical manner, particularly when you're facing time limits. In this article, we've broken how to compose the ACT exposition into eight stages that work for each paper, without fail. At that point, we tell you precisely the best way to do it with a real ACT paper model. Numerous understudies ask us how to compose an ACT article, and keeping in mind that the appropriate response is sufficiently straightforward to clarify in eight stages (as we do beneath), it's not really easy to do. Similarly as with any expertise, the way to figuring out how to compose an ACT paper is to examine a decent model (which we are going to cover in this article) and afterward practice, practice, practice. Handling ACT Writing, Step by Step The ACT paper plan beneath has been altered from our ACT Essay Tips article to fit the new ACT Writing Test. The format incorporates three areas: arranging, composing and reexamining. In the event that you work on utilizing this layout to compose ACT papers, you'll get a lot quicker and (likely) increasingly exact. Here's the example brief we'll be reacting to: Astute Machines A considerable lot of the merchandise and enterprises we rely upon day by day are presently provided by shrewd, robotized machines as opposed to individuals. Robots construct vehicles and different products on mechanical production systems, where once there were human specialists. A large number of our telephone discussions are currently directed not with individuals however with modern advances. We would now be able to purchase merchandise at an assortment of stores without the assistance of a human clerk. Robotization is for the most part observed as an indication of progress, yet what is lost when we supplant people with machines? Given the quickening assortment and pervasiveness of smart machines, it merits looking at the suggestions and importance of their quality in our lives. Viewpoint One: What we lose with the substitution of individuals by machines is some piece of our own humankind. Indeed, even our ordinary day by day experiences no longer require from us fundamental civility, regard, and resilience for others. Point of view Two: Machines are acceptable at low-expertise, redundant employments, and at fast, amazingly exact occupations. In the two cases they work superior to people. This productivity prompts an increasingly prosperous and dynamic world for everybody. Viewpoint Three: Intelligent machines challenge our long-standing thoughts regarding what people are or can be. This is acceptable in light of the fact that it pushes the two people and machines toward new, unheard of potential outcomes. Compose a bound together, cognizant article about the expanding nearness of astute machines. Stage 1: Planning Time: 8-10 minutes It might feel like you won't have the opportunity to design your article before you compose, however, it's something you can't exclude. Trust us. Sorting out your considerations as you compose will cost you way additional time than if you set aside the effort to design out your paper before you start composing. Stage 1: Read the Prompt and the Perspectives Provided, Then (Tentatively) Choose a Position Since tending to the connection between your point of view and in any event one of the other three viewpoints is a basic piece of the article task, you have to ensure you comprehend what each brief is stating. Fortunately every viewpoint incorporates both a general declaration about astute machines just as a sentiment that puts the theme in a more extensive setting, sparing you some work in concocting your own, free point of view. While it is conceivable to concoct a fourth perspective on the point, I don't suggest it. The additional time you'll need to go through thinking of your own perspective could be better spend building up your examination of your point of view to in any event one of different viewpoints. In the event that your point of view is a mixing of numerous viewpoints, that is additionally fine, as long as you ensure you contrast your mixed viewpoint with every one of the points of view it consolidates; else, you won't satisfy the investigate the connection between your viewpoint and in any event one other viewpoint some portion of the errand. Primary concern: pick the viewpoint you want to help the best. For this example ACT exposition, I'm going to likely decide to contend Perspective Three (that savvy machines challenge long-standing thoughts regarding humankind, which thus pushes people and machines toward new, already inconceivable prospects), essentially in light of the fact that that happens to be the position I think I'll have the option to help the best. Stage 2: Quickly Brainstorm Evidence and Explanations to Support Each Perspective Since the ACT article includes talking about the connection between your point of view and in any event one of different viewpoints given, not simply the one you concur with, you'll need to utilize various bits of proof in your paper. During this progression, in the event that you find that you're ready to discover additionally persuading proof to help an alternate point of view than the one you've picked, you can generally switch-all things considered, you're despite everything arranging. Likewise, you don't need to write in complete sentences, or expression things as richly as you will in the real article, so don't stress over that. Here are some potential spots you can look to for proof and models: Opening Paragraph of the Prompt On the off chance that you haven't just, read through the passage toward the start of the paper brief. You can proper a few or the entirety of the models in it to use in your own paper. Individual Experience You can recount to any story (genuine or not) about you or another person you know (or make up) that underpins any of your focuses. Insights Once more, these can be genuine or made up. You could design an exploration study that took a gander at accounts of calls and discovered 80% of individuals wind up reviling while at the same time utilizing computerized telephone menus (to help point of view one), make up insights that show robotized clerks can process three fold the number of registration as human clerks (to help viewpoint 2), or think of some other sort of measurements that help one of the points of view. Points of interest from Sources Use information on occasions from history or recent developments to help your focuses. In case you're not sure of the subtleties, it's okay the exposition graders won't deduct focuses for genuinely wrong data. For this paper, you could utilize the creation of the print machine (and its belongings) for instance of how motorization can prompt unheard of conceivable outcomes. Here's the proof I thought of for my exposition: Point of view One: What we lose with the substitution of individuals by machines is some piece of our own mankind. Indeed, even our ordinary every day experiences no longer require from us essential kindness, regard, and resilience for others. Proof: Many of our telephone discussions are led not with individuals, however with refined technologies...that don't really work at 100% Clarification: People get so disappointed with the innovation that when they press 0 to talk with a genuine human they are regularly inconsiderate and impolite Point of view Two: Machines are acceptable at low-expertise, dull employments, and at fast, very exact occupations. In the two cases they work superior to people. This productivity prompts an increasingly prosperous and dynamic world for everybody. Proof: Robots fabricate vehicles on sequential construction systems Clarification: Lower cost, diminishes danger of injury to human specialists Point of view Three: Intelligent machines challenge our long-standing thoughts regarding what people are or can be. This is acceptable on the grounds that it pushes the two people and machines toward new, unheard of conceivable outcomes. Proof: Brain-PC interfaces that permit individuals to control PCs with their minds are a thing Clarification: Allow individuals to defeat physical impediments, motivate us to keep looking into and growing information Stage 3: Brainstorm Your Counterarguments to, or Analyses of, the Other Perspectives There's nobody right approach to react to the viewpoints the ACT gives you. Some of it relies upon what perspective you take. For example, on the off chance that I concurred with Perspective One, which takes a negative perspective on the impacts of insightful machines, I should talk about both of the other two points of view (which both take positive perspectives on smart machines) in one section, and afterward can't help contradicting them in the following passage as I present my help for Perspective One. Since I'm contending for Perspective Three (machines challenge our thoughts regarding what people are or can be, which pushes us and machines toward additional opportunities), I'm going to contend against Perspective One and Perspective Two independently, in light of the fact that I have solid proof for my examinations of every viewpoint. Since the paper just expects you to break down the connection between your point of view and at any rate one other viewpoint, on the off chance that I had loads of proof to use in my examination of my viewpoint and Perspective One, however nothing to state about Perspective Two, I could likewise choose not to talk about that point of view by any stretch of the imagination. For this situation, I had the option to consider strong contentions for and against both of different points of view, so I decided to examine them two and their relationship to my viewpoint underneath. Once more, these are not really worded in their last structure. Point of view One: What we lose with the substitution of individuals by machines is some piece of our own mankind. Indeed, even our everyday day by day experiences no longer require from us essential graciousness, regard, and resilience for others. Proof: Many of our telephone discussions are led not with individuals, however with complex technologies...that don't really work at 100% Clarification: People get so baffled with the innovation that when they press 0 to talk with a genuine human they are regularly inconsiderate and impolite Counterargument/investigation: The advantages outweighthe costs, in light of the fact that giving individuals the choice to submit remedies or get some information about store hours through a mechanized menu opens up client support rep

Drugs :: essays research papers

The first occasion when I did corrosive isn't the most intriguing time I've done it, nor the most alarming, yet I get it would in any case be a decent perused. I was going down to a companion's home on a Friday night. Everybody was wanting to get significantly messed up. Many individuals would do Dramamine. I read a FAQ on it, and it said in the event that you have Asthma you shouldn't do Dramamine...and frankly, Dramamine appeared to be entirely nightmarish in the wake of perusing a couple of outing reports. So I chose to stay with something I knew: ROBO! I got this young lady I vowed to give a ride to my companion's home, and we halted at the medication store, where I looked for a decent container of Robotussin. I at long last chose nonexclusive CVS brand Robo. We bounced in the vehicle, got a colleague of mine, Zack, and made a beeline for my companion's loft. It was about an hour drive. We were all psyched in light of the fact that we realized we would have been getting all messed up that night. We tuned in to this nearby ska/punk band, Heft, and despite the fact that I felt like a goof ball, some Blink-182. I used to like them a great deal, at that point they got well known, and I began feeling like a goof ball tuning in to them...I revealed to myself that it's idiotic to simply not tune in to things as a result of what others would think however, and let myself appreciate the music. Also, it was my tape. :) We saw this abnormal green lightning jolt while we were driving down. We began thinking possibly they're be a rainstorm that night while we were completely messed up, and it would be marvelous. After a short time, and an off-base turn or two, we wound up at my companion's (we'll call him Jo) loft. A portion of my companions were there as of now. There was P, who never does any kind of drugs...W, who constantly attempted to get me to take corrosive, however I was too chicken...Jo, who claimed the apartment...two young ladies who we'll call M and Fatty. Z was my colleague from the vehicle, and H is the young lady who I gave a ride down to the loft. W revealed to me that P would do Dramamine that night. That kind of stressed me. P never took medications, and I thought about whether he would be alright, since the Dramamine trip reports I read appeared to be extremely upsetting.

A Look at Some Graduate School Essay Samples

A Look at Some Graduate School Essay SamplesFinding a good set of Graduate School Essay samples online can be a great thing. As a graduate student I always dreamed of being able to publish my own paper on a topic that interested me and my peers. It has always been challenging to publish an essay and receive it accepted into one of the prestigious graduate schools. These students have been studying for years in the hope of graduating with a PhD or some other distinction, and were sometimes criticized by their professors for not writing more essays, so they were forced to do this more.However, I found several sites online where you can find both essay samples and editing services. All you have to do is sign up and submit a sample. This can help to gain better submissions when submitting your essay. Many universities and colleges will accept your essay if you submit one of these types of essays as a sample. When you submit one of these you will find that it will have an option to edit i t before it goes to the editor.The first thing you should do is research what kind of topics that are most commonly used for research. Some people like to specialize in a particular field or department while others like to write on different subjects. When you decide which area you want to write about you need to find a topic and find a writer that specializes in the particular subject. You may also need to check and see if the subject you chose is popular with other grad students.Once you have chosen a topic, you will need to research and find out about writing a unique idea. Often times a well-researched essay will leave readers feeling that the writer has thought about the topic thoroughly. Writing a unique essay will be one of the hardest things to do, but it can help make a good impression and help gain a good reputation.Once you have researched the topic and started writing you will need to consider many different areas of writing. You will need to research grammar and spellin g and find someone who is qualified to edit your paper. You will need to research other graduate students in the field and find out how they write and learn how to correct any mistakes that they might have made.Many universities use programs that are similar to the AP exams in order to determine what subject they are going to use. In order to qualify, you must study the course and show how you have studied. Many times it will take years to do this, and it can take months to get accepted into a program. It is definitely an investment for your education and career.When you choose a school, you should do your research and see what is available. Always remember that just because you know that a school is accepting essays does not mean that they will accept your essay.

Eco 372 Week 2 Product Purchases the Economy - 1072 Words

Product Purchases and the Economy ECO/372 October 12, 2015 Product Purchases and the Economy A new car purchase is one that takes a large amount of consideration and budgeting. The most important economic indicators to consider when investing in an automobile purchase are unemployment rates and interest rates. These indicators will assist a person when deciding whether to purchase new or used. Is the right time now or later to purchase a truck? Economic Indicators The automotive sector is a cyclical business. Since it is a cyclical business, changes in the revenues and earnings of automotive companies are more likely due to the state of the economy and the strength of the consumer. Sales in the automotive sector†¦show more content†¦economy continues to improve (Neal E. Boudette, Jan. 2014). So far, pricing in the U.S. market has been trending upward, not falling. The â€Å"discipline† of major competitors has thus far helped in matching production to demand. Supply Demand - Impact on the price It is basic economic principle that states that when there is an oversupply of a good or service, prices fall. When there is a high demand, prices tend to rise. It turns out that the more new cars that are sold, the lower used car prices will go. In 2014, people bought more than 16 million new cars and 38.5 million used cars. Analysts expect even stronger used car sales in 2015 (U.S. News, Jan. 2015). â€Å"Supply drives [used car] values,† (Larry Dominique, Jan. 2015). The supply of used cars is growing because most people who buy a new car have an old one to trade in. That trade-in enters the used car market, expanding the supply and lowering prices. Used car prices are, on average, 2 percent lower than they were a year ago. The price of used trucks and SUVs are actually up 1 and 3 percent. If new car sales continue at this pace, prices are expected to decline overall. Demand for used cars tends to go up between Thanksgiving and Christmas , with the tendency of prices to drop in January and another rise in February. Car prices are expected to continue to fall through 2018. Some automotive classes, like SUVs and trucks, are more popular now than others. That popularity drives up prices. Prices onShow MoreRelatedEco 372 Week 2 Individual Paper727 Words   |  3 PagesWeek 2 Fundamental Macroeconomics October 22, 2012 ECO/372 There are several factors that affect our economy, gross domestic product (GDP), real GDP, nominal GDP, unemployment rate, inflation rate, and interest rates. All of these factors have influences over how we purchase groceries, weather there will be massive layoffs of employees, and decrease in taxes. Gross domestic product is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. Which this is commonlyRead MoreEconomic Advisement Paper1634 Words   |  7 PagesOption 1: Economic Advisement Paper Brittany McCarty, Jake Vickers, amp; Michelle Williams Learning Team B Eco 372 July 11, 2013 Dr. Samuel Imarhiagbe Two Economic Theories Modernizing over the decades, two main theories support economists, proposals, arguments, and predictions. The first theory is the Classical model perspective and the second theory is the Keynesian model perspective. The first theory promotes a hands-off approach and the second a governmentRead MoreEconomic Final Project Paper3299 Words   |  14 PagesPhoenix ECO/372-Principles of Macroeconomics Professor Wawa Ngenge March 23, 2009 Economic Final Project Paper The current economy has hurt many retail businesses. Every month another retail giant closes its doors. Retail stores which we never would have imagined have gone bankrupt. Retail sales have declined greatly. 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Compensation and Benefits Strategies Recommendations

Compensation and Benefits Strategies Recommendation HRM 531 Compensation and Benefits Strategies Recommendation Providing a first-rate benefits package for employees can be an important part of the recruitment and retention puzzle, especially for small businesses. Benefits matter. Small businesses like the limo service Bradley Stonefield is establishing has many challenges. Nowadays, companies are running on leaner budgets. There is competition in attracting good employees between companies. The most popular cafeteria plans that may have multiple options for health coverage, vision coverage and other benefits are what many employees desired. Employees have the ability to use a fixed amount allotted to custom-design a†¦show more content†¦Stonefields new startup limousine business. According to Cascio (2013), the design of benefits package should takes major concern.Federal Employment Laws requires employer benefit must offer Workers compensation, Social Security Act (1935), Federal Unemployment Tax Act (1935), and Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) (1974) (p.470). There fore, Stonefilds company benefits for employees has to be cost-effective. The benefit plan shell includes detail information regarding employee services, security, health, and payments for time not worked. The importance of compensation and benefits in retaining employees is embodied in the need to keep these competitive so that valued employees will be encouraged to remain (McConnell, 2007, p. 73). Stonefield needs to create an attractive benefit package for potential employee or retention new hired. Author Cascio agrees that in a mature firm with well-established products and probably can offer much more generous in compare of a startup venture probably will offer low base pay and benefits but high incentives (2013). The list of security and health benefits should include the following suggested by Cascio (2013): Life insurance, workers compensation, Disability insurance, Hospitalization, surgical , and maternity coverage, Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), other medical cov erage, sick leave, pension plans, social security,Show MoreRelatedCompensation And Benefits Strategies Recommendations Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Benefits and Compensation Strategies Recommendations TEAM B: Ben F. 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You are also responsible for completing a hiring plan, training plan, compensation and benefits plan, and a performance appraisal. Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you: 1. Examine a significant way that the Joint Commission has influenced the basic functions of HRM and predict the likely impact of the policies andRead MoreHenderson Printing1168 Words   |  5 PagesI have been asked to review the compensation system practices for Henderson Printing with a view to establishing a common set of principles and practices that are understood by both management and employees of the organization. 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Car Fringe Benefits Statutory

Question: Discuss about the Car Fringe Benefits Statutory. Answer: The relevant information from the case study given is highlighted as shown below. Fred, an Australian tax resident has liquidated Blue Mountains located holiday home at a price of $ 800,000 in FY2016. It is noteworthy that both the contract for sale of holiday home and receipts of proceeds have been enacted in the same financial year at a gap of almost six months, and hence the capital gains if any would be taken into consideration in FY2016 only. Fred took ownership of this home almost couple of decade ago in March 1987 and the price paid at that time was $ 100,000. In relation to the holiday home , there are other costs besides the purchase cost that Fred has incurred which essentially would contributed to the determination of holiday homes cost base. Besides, it is also known that there are certain capital losses accumulated from FY2015 which have been derived due to shares and antique sale. By taking the above information into cognizance, the core concern is to calculate the capital gains that would fall under the CGT (Capital Gains Tax) ambit in the year FY2016 for an individual taxpayer Fred. CGT applicability Holiday Home The primary step for determination of the CGT liability is to ascertain whether the sale of asset (i.e. holiday home) is liable for application of CGT. In accordance with the thumb rule in this regard, all assets purchased before September 20, 1985 are exempted from the aegis of CGT irrespective of the timing and amount of capital gains (Gilders et. al., 2016). The given holiday home as per the information has been purchased only after the above date and hence the derived capital gains would be CGT applicable. Taxable Capital Gains- Calculation In the quest of capital gains determination, the first endeavour is to ascertain the assets cost base as per Section 110-25. As per this section, the underlying assets cost base is deemed to constitute the below mentioned costs (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). Asset purchase price Cost incurred in the process of taking possession of asset Cost incurred during asset disposal Construction cost that result in significant increase in asset valuation Expenses for ensuring that owner continue to maintain ownership and possession of the underlying asset. With regards to the given holiday home, the cost base can be ascertained in the following manner. Buying price of Holiday Home (1987) = $ 100,000 Cost incurred in the process of taking possession of asset = 1,000 (Legal Fees) + 2,000(Stamp Duty) = $3,000 Cost incurred during asset disposal = 1,100 (Legal Fees) + 9,900 Real Estate Agent Commission = $ 11,000 Cost incurred during construction of garage = $ 20,000 Hence, Holiday Homes cost base (Section 110-25) = 100,000 + 3,000 + 11,000 + 20,000 = $ 134,000 It is known that the holiday home was purchased before 1999 and also Freds status is that of an individual taxpayer. Hence, the available methods for computation of taxable capital gains would include discount method and indexation method (Deutsch et. al., 2015). However, out of the above two methods, Fred can minimise his derivable capital gains by the application of discount method as it allows for concession to the tune of 50% in capital gains which is not present in the indexation method as it solely relies on adjustment of cost base in the wake of inflation differential (Section 115-25, 114-1) (Barkoczy, 2015). Proceeds realised from home liquidation = $800,000 Holiday homes cost base = $ 134,000 Capital gains on Holiday Home sale = Proceeds realised from home liquidation Holiday homes cost base = 800,000 134,000 = $666,000 Additionally, it is also known that a capital loss of $ 10,000 is available from FY2015 which arose due to share investments. Due to the comparable nature of share and property as asset classes, the capital losses can be mutually settled and thus in this case, firstly the net capital gains would be ascertained and based on the same the discount method would be applied for deriving the taxable gains for FY2016 as indicated below (Sadiq et. al., 2014). Net Capital Gains after adjustment of previous capital losses = 666,000 10,000 = $656,000 Concession of 50% as per discount method = 0.5*656000 = $ 328,000 Hence, taxable capital gains for Fred (FY2016) = 656000 - 328000= $ 328,000 Antique vase contributing to capital loss of $ 10,000 in FY2015 As per the provided information, the capital loss in FY2015 of $ 10,000 instead of being caused by shares is now caused due to antique vase sale. The taxable capital gains in this case would undergo a change as losses arising from antique are to be balanced against the future gains caused in the same segment i.e. antiques. Clearly, holiday home is a property asset that lies outside the ambit of antiques and therefore the FY2015 capital loss would not be adjusted in this year but would rather be extended to the next year for balancing against any potential gains from selling of antique item (CCH, 2013). Net Capital Gains after adjustment of previous capital losses = 666,000 0 = $666,000 Concession of 50% as per discount method = 0.5*666000 = $ 333,000 Hence, taxable capital gains for Fred (FY2016) = 656000 - 333000= $ 333,000 If employer of a firm extends non-cash benefits (of personal nature) to their employees specifically in the course of the employment, then these are entitled as fringe benefits. However, the fringe benefits lead to the incidence of the fringe benefits tax (FBT) liability on behalf of the employer. The application of this liability is governed by the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act, 1986 (Wilmot, 2012). According to the given case facts, employer Periwinkle has potentially issued fringe benefits to her employee Emma in the following regard. Car fringe benefits Loan fringe benefits Expense fringe benefits (Bathtub related) FBT liability for employer Periwinkle on the account of given fringe benefits Car fringe benefits Employer Periwinkle bought a car in May 1, 2015 with the cost of $33,000. The car was passed on the same date to Emma. The company had not mentioned any restriction for the usage of the car. Emma utilized car for personal use and thus, same FBT liability is valid on Periwinkle under the car fringe benefits of the section 8 of FBTAA, 1986 (Barkoczy, 2015). FBT value (Car fringe benefits) is examined based on the mentioned formula (Section 9, Division 2B) (Deutsch et. al., 2015) FBT value = Base value of car car accessibility for employees in days Statutory % Gross up factor Cost of car for employer ( in the year 2015) $ 33,000 Cost incurred during annual repairing in FY2016$550 Base value of car = Cost of car for employer Cost incurred during annual repairing = 33000 - 550 $ 32,450 Statutory percentage would be taken as 20%, if the vehicle is purchased after April 1, 2014, irrespective of the usage in days and distance covered by the car in the given financial year (ATO, 2016b). In the present case, car is acquired by Periwinkle in May 1, 2015, which is after April 1, 2014. Statutory % for the car (For FY2016) 20% The total number of accessible days would be calculated for the duration of FY2016. Car was acquired by Emma on May1, 2015 not from April 1, 2015 and hence, the days counted as 335 for the year. Additionally, car was not available for Emma for the 5 days when it was sent for the annual repairing. It is noteworthy that the airport parking period of ten days would not be deductible from the total number of car accessible days for Emma, because she was out of town and hence could not use the car, but she had the accessibility for the car (CCH, 2013). Car accessibility for Emma in days (in FY2016) = 335 5 330 days FBT value (Car fringe benefits) = FBT base value of car car accessibility for employees in days Statutory % Gross up factor = 32450 2.1463 $12,593.80 FBT liability to be paid by Periwinkle = FBT value (Car fringe benefits) 0.49 = 12593.80 0.49 $6,171 Loan fringe benefits On September 1, 2015, Periwinkle extended the loan amount of $500,000 to her employee Emma. The interest rate decided by Periwinkle is 4.45%. For the financial year FY2016 the benchmark interest rate specified by RBA is 5.65% (ATO, 2015). Hence, the offered interest rate is less than the specified interest rate i.e. 5.65%. Therefore, the loan fringe benefits are extended to Emma on account of savings in interest cost and related FBT liability on employer would be levied (Section16, Division 4A) (Sadiq et. al., 2014). Loan amount issued to Emma $500,000 Interest amount based on benchmark interest rate (set by Reserve Bank of Australia) =0.0565 500000 $28,250 Interest amount based on charged interest rate by Periwinkle = 0.0445 500000 $ 22,250 Saved interest cost by Emma on the loan taken = Interest amount based on benchmark interest rate - Interest amount based on charged interest rate by Periwinkle =28250 - 22250 $ 6,000 Duration of loan in financial year FY2016 (in days) (Loan issue date was September 1, 2015) 213 Taxable value (loan fringe benefits) = Saved interest cost by Emma on the loan taken Duration of loan (in years) = 6000 $3491.80 Grossed up value of loan fringe benefits given to Emma = Gross up factor Taxable value (loan fringe benefits) = 1.9608 3491.8 $ 6,846.72 FBT liability to be paid by Periwinkle =0.49 6846.72 $3,354.9 If the issued loan amount of $450,000 was utilized for the purpose of earning incremental income by Emma, then the deduction would be claimed for Periwinkle on the interest component of this amount. However, for the amount $50,000, there would be no deduction claimed by Periwinkle since, it was utilized by Emmas husband not by Emma (Barkoczy, 2015). Expense (bathtub) fringe benefits Periwinkle sold the bathtub to Emma at lower rate in comparison to the market sale price, thus, the expense fringe benefits is extended to Emma in the form of bathtub. Manufacturing cost of bathtub by Periwinkle Company $700 Sale price of bathtub in market $2,600 Price at which bathtub sold to Emma $1,300 Expense (bathtub) fringe benefit to Emma = Sale price of bathtub in market - Price at which bathtub sold to Emma = 2600 1300 $1,300 Gross up factor (bathtub) for FY2016 as GST applicable (ATO, 2016a) 2.1463 Grossed up amount (expense fringe benefit) = Expense (bathtub) fringe benefit to Emma Gross up factor =1300 2.1463 $4,078 FBT liability to be paid by Periwinkle =4078 2.1463 $1,998 The amount of $50,000 is now deployed by Emma for buying the shares then this respective amount would be liable for the tax deduction for Periwinkle, if it generates profits for Emma as shown below (Gilders et. al., 2016). Interest amount based on benchmark interest rate (set by Reserve Bank of Australia) =5.65% loan amount =0.0565 50000 $2825 Interest amount based on charged interest rate by Periwinkle = 4.45% loan amount = 0.0445 50000 $ 2,225 Incremental interest cost savings = Interest amount based on benchmark interest rate - Interest amount based on provided interest rate =2825 - 2225 $ 600 FBT liability reduction for employer Periwinkle =600 0.49 $294 References ATO (2015), TD 2015/8, Retrieved on September 21, 2016 from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=%22TXD%2FTD20158%2FNAT%2FATO%2F00001%22 ATO (2016a), Gross-up rates for FBT, Retrieved on September 21, 2016 from https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/fbt/?page=3 ATO (2016b), Car fringe benefits statutory formula rates, Retrieved on September 21, 2016 from https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/fbt/?page=4 Barkoczy,S. (2015), Foundation of Taxation Law 2015, North Ryde: CCH Publications, CCH (2013), Australian Master Tax Guide 2013, Sydney: Wolters Kluwer Deutsch, R., Freizer, M., Fullerton, I., Hanley, P. and Snape, T. (2015), Australian tax handbook ,Pymont: Thomson Reuters Gilders, F., Taylor, J., Walpole, M., Burton, M.. and Ciro, T. (2016), Understanding taxation law 2016, Sydney: LexisNexis/Butterworths. Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. and Devos, K. (2016), Australian Taxation Study Manual 2016, Sydney: Oxford University Press Sadiq, K., Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., Obst, W., and Ting, A. (2014), ,Principles of Taxation Law 2014, Pymont: Thomson Reuters, Wilmot, C. (2012), FBT Compliance guide, North Ryde: CCH Australia Limited.

Mass Incarceration free essay sample

Mass incarceration is one of very many huge problems we have here in America. But when you really look into the core of the situation, whose fault is it really. Right away you think it is the criminals fault for getting arrested in the first place right? More people should be well behaved and not end up in prison? But what a lot of people fail to notice are the ones that actual do the actual sentencing. In Paul Butlers book, Lets Get Free he writes, â€Å"I became a prosecutor because I hate bullies. I stopped being a prosecutor because I hate bullies. † Do I think that some people belong in prison? Absolutely. But I also think that there are also even more people that do not deserve to be there and that’s why we have this problem. Paul Butler Claims, â€Å"the criminal justice system gives the state a monopoly on excising†¦retribution. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Incarceration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its legal hate. † (Butler, 4) This is what I think prosecutors do. They send whoever they want to prison just because they have the authority to do so. I think it is 100% wrong. The justice system is so unjust and erroneous that I think it gives even more power to those involved in working for it than what they actually deserve. Paul Butler says that, In 2008, in a high crime neighborhood in DC, the police would stop any driver and every driver. You were required to answer whether or not you had a â€Å"legitimate purpose† for being there. If you did not have a legitimate purpose, you were told to leave. Failure to comply would result in you being arrested for the crime of â€Å" failure to obey a police officer†(Butler 24) Cathy Lanier the DC police chief , says, â€Å"in certain areas we need to go beyond the normal methods of policing. †(Butler, 24). People become police officers and all of a sudden think that they have to go above and beyond their job description. It needs to stop. They are there to protect people. Not make them feel like they are a criminal. â€Å"In the name of safety, American citizens will be treated like criminals†¦. (Butler 25). I do believe that most of the individuals that are in prison do not deserve to be there at all and that in certain cases the sentence is ridiculous. The drug war and racial profiling is a huge cause to mass incarceration. Vanita Gupta from the New York times wrote, â€Å"in 2003 I represented dozens of African-American residents in Tulia, Tex. , who had been convicted after a botched drug sting. Jason Jerome Williams, a 22-year-old with no prior criminal record, had been sentenced to 45 years in prison for four sales of an eighth of an ounce of cocaine†¦, Others accepted plea deals to try to avoid such lengthy prison terms. † I do not think that drugs are okay to have, be sold, or to be under the influence of. But I do think that all of these sentences are way to long for these people. These are the sentences’ of those that commit way worse crimes like maybe killing someone or endangering some one else’s’ life. In recent studies, it is shown that†¦ The U. S has 25% of the worlds population in prison. Nearly half of all prisoners in state prisons are locked up for nonviolent offences. The U. S prison population rose by 700% from 1970 to 2005. A rate far outpacing that of general population growth and crime rates. 1 in every 106 white males age 18 or older is incarcerated. 1 in every 36 Hispanic males age 18 or older is incarcerated. 1 in every 15 black males age 18 or older is incarcerated. (Matt Sledge, The Huffington Post) The U. S. imprisons more people per capital than any country on earth, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s prisoners, despite having just five percent of the world’s population. America currently holds over two million in prisons with double that number under supervision of parole and probation, according to federal government figures (Linn Washington Jr. , A Major Destabilizing Influence) So what exactly does Mass incarceration cost us, average Americans? Mass incarceration consumes over $50-billion annually across America – money far better spent on creating jobs and improving education. Instead of giving people a minimum sentence, what they ideally deserve, they are getting double, even triple the time and its costing people more and more every single year. It doesn’t look like that is going to change soon. On June 17, 2013, the court made federal sentencing a little more sensible. In the Alleyne vs. United States case, it overturned and held that the facts supporting a mandatory minimum sentence had to be found beyond a doubt by a jury, or agreed for a plea agreement, rather than the judge making their decision based on the evidence that is shown. Alleyne didn’t get rid of mandatory minimum sentencing provisions, which remain criminal law’s bluntest instrument. Those harsh statutes still bind judges’ hands and they will continue to sentence people to these long, undeserving sentences. I have a feeling that if the United States would have won this particular case it would save people a lot of money. I think way to much money is getting put into something that could potentially be changed. The human cost of this system is real and tragic. â€Å"Over the past several years judge Bennet has visited, in their federal prisons, more than 250 of the defendants he has sentenced. A huge majority of these inmates were very low level, nonviolent drug addicts who were supposed to get minimal sentencing. Many of their families lost their homes and were forced to go on welfare. †(Mark Osler, Weekly Ads). Most inmates made immense attempts toward improving their education, learning a trade, and going through intensive drug treatment. But those with the longer mandatory minimum sentences sometimes give up hope, and they only thing they learn is how to commit more serious and violent crimes. Having lost all family ties, they are at much higher risk for re-offending when they get out. People get stuck with a title when they do go to prison. The ones that do have a longer sentence have it even worse. Their lives are never the same when they eventually do get out of prison. It is beyond difficult for them to get a job, find a place to live, or even re-connect with their families. They lose absolutely everything. This needs to stop. In August 2013, there was an announcement in San Fransico by California Attorney General Eric Holder stating that the federal prosecutors would no longer invoke mandatory minimum sentencing laws for certain low level, non violent offenders. After years and years they are finally going to stop this minimal sentencing law. I think it’s an amazing thing. But why did justice on incarceration take so long? Travis Smiley from the CNN news room wrote, †I would like to believe that its about a shift in our morals; that our nation has finally come to the conclusion that being the worlds leader on lockdowns is neither socially sustainable nor a just way to treat fellow citizens. But, alas, Im not that naive. † He continues to say that its all about money. I agree, it would be great if it was because we had a â€Å"shift in our morals† but I honestly think that it is all about money. Someone out there finally saw the endless amounts of money that we are spending on people that don’t need to be in prison for more than whats deserved and they want to stop it. Tavis Smiley ends his article with, â€Å"As a nation, we have a habit every bit as addictive as the habits of many of the folk weve locked away. Weve been addicted to the drug of incarceration, and now we can no longer afford our expensive habit. Things are breaking bad for us too. Time for rehab. † In another way, we are damning people for the same things we are doing now. It looks like we are addicted to something. Were addicted to incarceration. In my opinion, Mass incarceration needs to end for good. Not only in California, but in the rest of the United States of America. We are ruining lives as well as ourselves. There is no reason for a non violent offender to get the same sentencing as the person that has killed. I believe that the justice system is unjust and inequitable. It seems that you can commit the most non violent, simple crime and go to jail for the rest of your life. Its just not fair. America is supposed to be the land of the free. I don’t feel free at all. I don’t even feel safe. I feel as though all of my rights have been taking away. They were written for a reason, and that reason, the idea of what America should be is slowly deteriorating. I hope that in the near future it gets better. I would love to feel safe again.

How to Speak English With an American

How to Speak English With an American Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar. To use English effectively, you need to understand the culture in which it is spoken. Here are a number of important tips to remember when speaking English in the United States. American English Points to Remember Most Americans only speak English: While it is true that more and more Americans speak Spanish, most Americans only speak English. Dont expect them to understand your native language.Americans have difficulties understanding foreign accents: Many Americans are not used to foreign accents. This requires patience from both of you! Conversation Tips Speak about location: Americans love to talk about location. When speaking to a stranger, ask them where they are from and then make a connection with that place. For example: Oh, I have a friend who studied in Los Angeles. He says its a beautiful place to live. Most Americans will then willingly talk about their experiences living or visiting that particular city or area.Talk about work: Americans commonly ask What do you do?. Its not considered impolite (as in some countries) and is a popular topic of discussion between strangers.Talk about sports: Americans love sports! However, they love American sports. When speaking about football, most Americans understand American Football, not soccer.Be careful when expressing ideas about race, religion, or other sensitive topics: The United States is a multi-cultural society, and many Americans are trying very hard to be sensitive to other cultures and ideas. Talking about sensitive topics like religion or beliefs is often avoided in order to be sure not to offend someone of a different belief system.   Addressing People Use last names with people you do not know: Address people using their title (Mr, Ms, Dr) and their last names.Always use Ms when addressing women: It is important to use Ms when addressing a woman. Only use Mrs when the woman has asked you to do so!Many Americans prefer first names: Americans often prefer using first names, even when dealing with people in very different positions. Americans will generally say, Call me Tom. and then expect you to remain on a first name basis.Americans prefer informal: In general, Americans prefer informal greetings and using first names or nicknames when speaking with colleagues and acquaintances. Public Behavior Always shake hands: Americans shake hands when greeting each other. This is true for both men and women. Other forms of greeting such as kissing on the cheeks, etc., is generally not appreciated.Look your partner in the eye: Americans look each other in the eyes when they are speaking as a way of showing that they are sincere.Dont hold hands: Same-sex friends do not usually hold hands or put their arms around each other in public in the United States.Smoking is out!!: Smoking, even in public places, is strongly disapproved of by most Americans in the modern United States.

Articles Of Confederation

Articles Of Confederation Essay Articles Of ConfederationIn the 1770’s, as America’s great thinkers and writers were declaring their desire for independence; they also established a committee to lay the foundation for the American form of government. These brilliant writers and philosophers hesitantly began designing the national level of government for use in America and named their final draft the Articles of Confederation . Out of their utter distrust of a centralized government, due to their association with the English monarchial system, the drafters deliberately established these articles as a loose confederation of states, rather than a firmly united nation. Life under the Articles of Confederation was filled with hardships and uncertainty, and the political scene was paralyzed with inability due to the lack of sovereignty in a central executive branch and the unanimous state consent required for the ratification of an amendment together with the lack of a taxation privilege . However, despite its inherent flaws, the Confederation government did prove capable to accomplish a few foreign and domestic achievements. Under the authority of the Confederation, the United States began to introduce itself in the global scene. The United States determined its place in the community of nations by establishing diplomatic relations and its participation in the world economy. The Confederation Congress also accomplished something many historians overlook. They successfully managed, organized, and eventually won the Revolutionary War . After winning the war, the Congress went on to successfully negotiate the Treaty of Paris and compelled the British to recognize American independence. On the domestic home front, the Congress began to effectively solve the land ordnance problem. The Confederation Congress established a procedure for governing the new territories and organized them into prospective states, giving each prospective state full and equal status with the original thirteen sta tes. Furthermore, they institutionalized systems of local government, and public education . Moreover, while accomplishing all this, the congress managed to keep the national economy afloat. This proved to be an enormous feat because the economy was suffering from the loss of colonial privileges. These major achievements were all accomplished despite the inherent flaws in the basic structure of the Confederation government. The Articles of Confederation created a unicameral Confederation Congress, with each state having only one vote. On most political matters this legislative body required the approval of 9 out of 13 states to ratify any proposed Congressional intention. In Article 13, the Articles declared that in order to ratify an amendment to the Articles the consent of all 13 states were required . This left the national government, running through the Confederation Congress, powerless and unable to proceed with the most trivial matters of politics. The Confederation Government, under the Articles, lacked an executive and judicial branch. This caused Congress to be severely handicapped when it came to the enforcement of her requests. This lack of an executive, coupled with the Congress’s negated power of taxation, caused a crippling financial difficulties. The Congress, having only enough power to request essential national funds from the states, found that many refused to pay, or were late in doing so. Due to the lack of an executive branch, Congress soon found itself facing a mounting national debt that it was unable to pay on its own or force states to assume their share of the burden. Since change was virtually impossible, due to the unanimous amendment process, the Articles remained unchanged and hardships continued to mount for many Americans. The major hardships of America in the period of Confederation rule were primarily between the debtor and the creditor . The economic downturn of the mid 1780’s, caused by the removal of the guaranteed English markets, left many farmers ruined and inundated with debt . These farmers pleaded with their state governments for help, but in most cases states refused to interfere, in one case in particular, these angered mobs of farmers rebelled against the government. This rebellion was known as Shays’ Rebellion in 1786 . Alarmed by the rebellion, other state governments agreed to help the angry farmers to thwart these rebellions. Their help came in the form of coining money to cause inflation, thus making the debt seem smaller and smaller. Under the Articles, this coinage was completely legal and it caused terrible interstate controversies. Congress, lacking the power to regulate interstate commerce, could only helplessly watch as rival states began a series of tariff wars o ver the inflation. These tariff wars, which devastated the national trade, coupled with Shays rebellion, seemed to be the culmination of all the downfalls and weaknesses of the fledgling government and change was deemed to be necessary . READ: Parts Of The Computer EssayBy 1887, some of the American leaders realized if the country was to survive a new plan of government needed to be considered. Thus, the Annapolis Convention of 1786 was held to address regional issues such as trade, but delegates were soon calling for a national convention . At this convention in Philadelphia 1787, the authors of a new plan proposed change of the loose confederation of states to a solid national union. They then changed the mode of representation in Article 1, section 3, as to better represent the people of America. In article 1, section 8, they empowered congress to regulate trade among states, raise revenue through taxation, coin national money, discontinue state coining, and enforce federal laws and treaties . The Constitution also imposed a federal executive and judicial branch to act directly on the individual citizens of America and to execute and interpret the laws of Congress. The Articles of Confederation, which were in for ce from 1781 to 1789, had many shortcomings and flaws, most due to the inherent distrust of a strong central power. These weaknesses caused many problems in America. Inflation grew, tariff wars between states commenced, and the uncertainty of a possible mob-rule lived in the minds of many. However, despite the flaws and setbacks imposed by the Articles, the fledgling Congress proved capable enough to establish mechanisms for westward expansion, establish the United States in the World Scene, and maintain a running economy . Still, a need for constitutional change was illustrated by the severe problems, and the Philadelphia convention answered the call. The drafters of the new constitution looked at all the mistakes created by the Articles, and to their great credit, successfully learned from them. They used the Articles as a foundation, and established the United States Constitution which today still stands as the greatest republic known to man. History Essays

Journal Analysis Australian Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal Analysis Australian Law - Essay Example ad issued public statements that were â€Å"misleading the customers and the public.† It can be recalled that SF, previously considered as one of the foremost financial planners of the nation, began to crumble when it defaulted payments of debts, that ran by tens of million, to the CB. Underpinning this financial collapse was the company’s failure to issue margin calls to hundreds of its clients whose securities have fallen below margin minimum requirements after the sharemarket plunged. The company was forced to place itself under voluntary administration after CB gave it just one day to pay its debts (O’Shaughnessy 2009). As indicated above, the SF case seems to have catalyzed allegations of deception and misrepresentation being bandied back and forth from one side to another. Initially, SF had accused CB of misleading its clients to think that the former has the sole responsibility to advise them on margin loans. The banking institution, on the other hand, now accuses SF to be guilty of the same thing with regards to statements it has issued to the public. The doctrine of misleading conduct under the Australian corporate law is embodied in different Commonwealth Acts. In the Trade Practices Act of 1974, for example, s 52 thereof specifically prohibits corporations engage in trade and commerce from conduct precisely described therein as â€Å"misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive. A follow-up provision under the same law is s 53 which enumerates ten misleading acts. The enumerated conduct are, among others, â€Å"falsely represent that services are of a particular standard, quality, value or grade† and â€Å"make a false or misleading representation concerning the existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty, guarantee or, right or remedy† (s 53, Trade Practices Act 1974). On the other hand, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (ASIC) likewise have a corresponding provision touching on the doctrine of

Why cinema should be allowed in saudi arabia Research Paper

Why cinema should be allowed in saudi arabia - Research Paper Example By 1917, 80 movies were produced in Egypt (Kraidy, 2007 pp.49). In Saudi Arabia, the production of cinema was not accepted until the 1960’s and 1970’s. This was after King Faisal dealt with the negative attitudes of the Muslim religious school in regards to film production. Even so, movie theaters are still not run in Saudi Arabia and this is because of the religious suspicions. In addition, the introduction of most Arabic Cinemas is due to the influence of foreign residents. The first film in Egypt took place in the year 1927 and was known as Leila (Fandy, 2003 pp 27). In addition, there are filmmakers in the Arab world including the qualified and skilled artists and technicians in the industry. Moreover, there is adequate equipment that is used for the production of a film. On the other hand, in some Arab countries the production of cinema is not encouraged or is very limited. Additionally, the first film in Syria took place in 1928 but by the year 1968, less than 20 films had been produced in the country. To support the film production industry some Arab countries like Syria and Egypt took crucial steps in the 1960’s to support the production of cinema (Kraidy & Joe, 2009 pp. 22). The government has not been supportive of the film industry. In 1980, the government banned the cinema industry and the entire cinemas operating at that particular time were closed (Dubai press, 2010). On the other hand, there is a huge possibility that the government will support the cinema industry. In addition, many government officials have been heard saying that they will lift the ban of the industry. Rumors were circulating in regards to the issue of film production but became true when the minister of labor of Saudi Arabia gave details on the processes and procedures that allow for the registration of cinema as well as obtain license in Saudi Arabia. Some of the

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte Wuthering Heigh

Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights 1) The story takes place in the early XIXth century. There are two characters in this extract : Mr Lockwood and Catherine Linton. Mr Lockwood is the first narrator of this novel, he was one of Mr Heathcliff's tenants. At the beginning of the story , there were three characters : Heathcliff, a foundling, his sister Catherine and his brother Hindley. Catherine fell in love with Heathcliff, but was married with Edgar Linton. So, the second character we meet here is Catherine Linton, Edgar Linton's daughter. This extract belongs to the end of the novel. Catherine comes back to the farm Wuthering Heights, she tries to get in the house trough the window. Mr Lockwood, which had read Catherine's diary, does not recognize her. 2) In this text, Mr Lockwood is in his bed room at Wuthering Heights, he is alone and he had to stay in the farm because of the snow. He is disturbed by the gusty wind and the incessant move of the fir-bough. So he tries to stop this teasing noise, opening the window and seizing the branch. When his fingers grabbed the branch, another cold hand caught his. Then the context makes the text become an ambiguous experience and we can say that this extract is set between sanity and madness to some extents. First of all, we will see that this text relates an ambiguous experience. The atmosphere is gloomy : Mr Lockwood is alone in an isolated farm, everithing is dark around him and there are many teasing noises. So we can say that the atmosphere is quite nightmarish. Mr Lockwood had found Catherine Linton's diary, and he had read it. So he knows the passion between Catherine Linton and Mr Heathcliff, the owner of Wuthering Heights. The first contact between... ...ieve that what he is living is a hallucination, a product of his imagination because nothing seems to be real. Maybe that the excessive feelings mentionned are caused by Mr Lockwood's imagination ; for the reader, the atmosphere is not very threatening. As in many pre-Romantic novel, the nightmarish atmosphere, symbolised by the darkness, the moor, the winter, is the source of imagination and also of fear : imagination and extreme feelings like fear are linked together. We could make a link between this novel from Emily Bront and the short stories by Edgar Allan Poe, like in The Raven for example. Indeed, Poe wrote his short stories in the same period as Emily Bront. In The Raven, the power of imagination, the supranatural and the unreal have also a great place, and we could note, as in Wuthering Heights, that the feelings expressed are often excessive.

Examine the Key Ideas of Situation Ethics

Examine the Key Ideas of Situation Ethics (21 Marks) In this essay, I am going to examine the key features of Situation Ethics. Situation Ethics is a teleological theory that resolves ethical and moral issues relative to the situation and was developed at a time when society and the church were facing drastic and permanent change. It is most commonly associated with Joseph Fletcher and J. A. T Robinson and also William Barclay.Situation Ethics is also considered to be the method of ethical decision making that states that you must consider â€Å"noble love† (agape) in decision making and that a moral decision is correct if it is the most loving thing to do. The theory is based upon this idea of agape love which is defined by William Barclay as â€Å"unconquerable good will†. Situation Ethics developed during the 1960s and the post war generation was a great influence on this. Between the end of the Second World War and the end of the 1960s, Western Europe and North Amer ica were socially, culturally and morally transformed.Up until the 1960s, many people still followed the â€Å"old fashioned† approach of Divine Command Ethics where by people obeyed the Bible and the teachings presented in them. People believed that by following the teachings of God as directly revealed by Him through scripture and the Church, they were doing good. However, by the 1960s all this changed. This quote was produced in 1966: â€Å"Greater independence; more money†¦the weakening of family bonds and religious influences; the development of earlier maturity, physically, emotionally and mentally; the impact of modern books, television and periodicals†. Sex and Morality, SCM,). This study blamed many things on the fact that many people were turning away from the Church’s rules during the 1960s and more towards abandoning rules. The world was becoming more secular and people had stopped listening to the Church and their teachings on what was ethicall y right. During the 1960s, society and the Church were facing drastic and permanent change. By 1966, women occupied an increasingly prominent place in the work force and there was a universal shock of the foundation of the contraceptive pill. This allowed young women to have sex whenever and with whoever they pleased.The sacred bonds of marriage started to break as more people saw this as a chance to have sex without having to be in a secure marriage or even a relationship. This sexual revolution of non-marital sex caused the levels of promiscuity to rise drastically as paternalism, authority, law and government were ditched. Other moral perspectives that changed the latter half of the 20th Century included fashion, music, politics and the view of religion. The drastic cultural and social changes during the 1960s caused a conflicting reaction by the Church.The British Council of Churches ordered a Working Party on Sex, Marriage and the Family to suggest how a Christian position on s ex and marriage can be communicated to the community. As a result, in 1964, the British Council of Churches, on the advice of its advisory group on Sex, Marriage and the Family, appointed a Working Party that set out to â€Å"Prepare a Statement of the Christian case for abstinence from sexual intercourse before marriage and faithfulness within marriage†¦and to suggest means whereby the Christian position may be effectively presented to the various sections of the Community† (Sex and Morality, SCM, 1966).J. A. T Robinson was a New Testament scholar, author and former Anglican Bishop of Woolwich, England. In 1963, he published his highly controversial book â€Å"Honest to God† which changed people’s perspective of God. As a result of this publication, it caused the Church to be thrown into disagreement. This in turn caused the traditional church to be shaken at its very roots. Robinson challenged the idea of the traditional and conservative view of God. He s aid that Situation Ethics was for â€Å"Man come of age†. In other words, it was for people who were moving away from having to be told what to do by God.As a result, it was right in the middle of Antinomianism and Legalism (which I will discuss later). Robinson and Paul Tillich suggested that God could be understood as ‘the ground of our being’, of ultimate significance, but not a â€Å"dues ex machine†, a supernatural being who intervenes in the world from outside it. In other words God is part of people not this almighty being who gives instructions for us to follow. Fletcher (who I will discuss later) used examples from the Bible to show that a strict application of rules was no longer needed and was in line with whatJesus thought too. Fletcher used quotes from the Bible as an illustration of old versus new morality. He used the example of the adulterous woman when Jesus saved her from being stoned to death even though the law permitted it. This situat ion is a clear example of Personalism which Fletcher used to illustrate his theory. Another example that Fletcher identified from the Bible was when Jesus confronted the Pharisees over what the Sabbath Day was intended for. In order to follow strict Jewish law absolutely nothing could be done on this day, often to the detriment of people.Jesus wanted people to follow the spirit in which God had given the law rather than following it and acting immorally in some cases. Whilst Fletcher described agape love as the only intrinsically good thing, William Barclay defined agape love as â€Å"unconquerable good will; it is the determination to seek the other man’s highest good, no matter what he does to you†¦nothing but good will. It has been defined as purpose, not passion. It is an attitude to the other person. † This kind of love is highly demanding or as Barclay suggested, â€Å"a highly intelligent thing. Situation Ethics can be applied more to the issue of divorce than the application of oral judgement that divorce is â€Å"always wrong†. Robinson questioned the conservative view of marriage that it is a supernatural unbreakable bond. This idea of marriage for Robinson was too out dated. He believed that it was time for humans to enter into their maturity and seek liberty from such supranaturalist thinking and while allowing the past experience to guide them, be ready to leave behind the restrictions of the old moral law if love was best served by doing so.Joseph Fletcher was an American professor who founded the theory of Situation Ethics in the 1960s. He stated that â€Å"we need to educate people to the idea that the quality of life is more important than the length of life. † Fletcher’s Situation Ethics was based on the New Testament teaching of agape. His work reflected the social change of the 1960’s and centred around the principle of â€Å"Love your neighbour as yourself† (Matthew 22:37). Fletcher ma intained that there were three different ways of making moral decisions. These three approaches to morality were Legalism, Antinomianism and Situationism.He stated that Legalism was a conservative, rule-based morality focused on unalterable laws. Antinomianism was defined as the polar opposite to Legalism – the lawless or unprincipled approach. He also stated that Situationism was a midway between the two other positions and that the Situationalist is prepared to set aside rules if love seems better served by doing so. According to Fletcher, â€Å"The situationist follows a moral law or violates it according to the need†. Fletcher also rejects Legalism because it cannot accommodate ‘exceptions’ to the rule.In addition to this, he also rejects Antinomianism for the reason that it provides no foundation with which to evaluate one’s morality and offers no justification as to why people should live in any other way than they want to. Fletcher proposed a key principle with which to guide moral decision-making rather than rules. This primary principle is that of acting in the most loving way. A fitting quote that is included in the Bible is that â€Å"Christ Jesus†¦abolished the law with its commandments and legal claims† (Ephesians 2:13-15). Fletcher proposed that we should follow the way Jesus taught us to, with unselfish love or agape.Jesus declared that we should â€Å"†¦love the Lord God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength and with all your mind; and your neighbour as yourself† (Luke 10:27). Fletcher also proposed four presuppositions of Situation Ethics which are the criteria by which this theory is determined and acted upon. They are Pragmatism, Relativism, Positivism and Personalism. The first presupposition is Pragmatism which demands that a proposed course of action should work and that its success or failure should be judged according to the principle.This is pra ctical and works because Legalism and Antinomianism do not. The second presupposition is Relativism which rejects such absolutes such as â€Å"never†, â€Å"always†, â€Å"perfect† and â€Å"complete†. The principle of love is applied relative to each situation so that an appropriate response is made. Situationism is not the same as Antinomianism because the ultimate criterion is â€Å"agapeic love†. Love is the constant in all situations, unlike laws which work for some things but not others. The third presupposition is Positivism which recognises that love is the most important criterion of all.Situation Ethics recognises that love is the most important thing when making a moral choice and echoes the sentiments of the Bible. Therefore, the decision to act in a loving way is a choice we make beforehand based on the notion that other ways do not work, not because we have proved Situationism â€Å"works† prior to the event. The fourth presupp osition is Personalism which demands that people should be put first. Fletcher emphasised the fact that ethics deals with human relations and should therefore put people at the centre.Fletcher also believed that Legalism fails to appreciate that people exist in a social context and that any decision must be beneficial to the wider community rather than just the individual. Where Legalism fails to recognise the complexity of ethical decision-making, Antinomianism fails to recognise the responsibility ethical decision-making has to the wider community. In addition to the four presuppositions, Fletcher also detailed in explaining how agape should be understood and how it applied to the theory of Situation Ethics by using the six working principles.The first working principle is the idea that love is always good. This states that there is no action or moral rule that is good in itself. An action is good only in so far as it brings about agape. Love is intrinsically valuable, it has inhe rent worth. Nothing else has intrinsic value. The second working principle is that love is the only norm or rule and therefore, love replaces the law. The law should only be obeyed in the interests of love and not for the law’s sake. Fletcher rejected Natural Law. He said â€Å"there are no [natural] universal laws held by all men everywhere at all times†.Jesus summarised the entire Jewish law by saying â€Å"love God† and â€Å"love your neighbour†. In the third working principle, Fletcher stated how love and justice are the same. This idea was unique to Fletcher, who claimed that justice is the giving to every person what is their due, and that as the one thing due to everyone is love, then love and justice are the same. Therefore, there can be no love without justice and as a result cannot be parted. For the fourth working principle, Fletcher outlined the idea that love is not liking and that love is discerning and critical, not sentimental.As agape wa s not an emotion, it did not need to include liking. The fifth working principle includes the statement that love justifies the means. Situation Ethics is a teleological theory that identifies the end outcome of an action as the means of assessing its moral worth. Therefore, as a result, it implies that anything might be done if it brings about the most loving action. Lastly, the sixth working principle of, love decides there and then describes how there are no rules about what should or shouldn’t be done, in each situation; you decide there and then what the most loving thing to do is.Fletcher developed his theory by drawing on a wide range of cases that could not be resolved by applying fixed rules and principles. He used examples including the burning house and time to only save one person, your father or a doctor with the formulae for a cure for a killer disease in his head alone. Fletcher also drew on situations that he had experienced firsthand, but most of all he would act situationally to help people.

Hamlet By William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 1781 Words

In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet explores empirical questions searching for revenge and truth amongst the lies as he comes to grips with his father’s death. In the end, Hamlet proves to be an exceptionally existential character. In all of the chaos within the castle, Hamlet, a university student arrives back home and finds out that his father, the king of Denmark, died of foul play. The Ghost of Hamlet’s father visits him and tells him the story of his unfortunate demise. There, it was revealed that Hamlet’s Uncle Claudius is the murderer. Throughout the rest of the play, Hamlet seeks to avenge his father’s death. However, he is so enraged and consumed with sorrow that it builds up to this extreme and almost deranged madman. Hamlet makes it clear that he is a experiencing a sign of grief. â€Å"For they are the actions that a man might play, but I have that within which passes show, these but the trappings and suits of woe† (I.ii.84-86 ). Most would say that Hamlet goes insane in the play and his grip on right and wrong gets thrown out the window. However, his unhinged way of thinking is actually a brilliant ploy to get everyone around him to pay no mind to the crazy person. It is such a crafty and witty trick that Hamlet is able to manipulate everyone around him to truly see Claudius -- a murderer and usurper. The enigma of Hamlet’s nature attracts readers to the character. He is at once a critic and voluntary banishment of Elsinore, while, at the same time he receivesShow MoreRelatedHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. 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As a result, his spirit is condemned to walk the earthRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1077 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as William Shakespeare have 4dictated their works in a way that allows for them to integrate common occurrences of new psychological findings into a text, giving them an opportunity to sculpt characters that differentiate themselves from one another. Psychoanalytical Criticism is the application of psychological studies incorporated into the findings of contemporary literature, principles founded by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan are most commonly referred to in these texts. Hamlet is an identityRe ad MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 2273 Words   |  10 Pages William Shakespeare was an English playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s pre-eminent dramatist. Shakespeare is perhaps most famous for his tragedies. Most of his tragedies were written in a seven-year period between 1601 and 1608. One of these tragedies is his famous play Hamlet. The age of Shakespeare was a great time in English history. The reign of Queen Elizabeth saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the